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Dr Keith Hearne is a British psychologist and parapsychologist who conducted the world's first sleep-laboratory research into lucid dreams.〔(New Scientist 24 Sep 1981 )〕〔Mark McElroy ''Lucid Dreaming for Beginners: Simple Techniques for Creating Interactive Dreams'' 2007, p. 94〕 ==Biography== He is most well known for his research in lucid dreaming (in which the dreamer becomes fully aware of being in a dream, and the dream may be manipulated by mere thought) for his PhD (‘Lucid dreams - an electro-physiological and psychological study’) - completed in 1978 at Liverpool University, England.〔Hearne, K. (1978) Lucid dreams: an electro-physiological and psychological study. PhD thesis. University of Liverpool, England, Submitted May, 1978 (free download of full thesis from www.keithhearne.com)〕 In the course of that research, he was the first person to discover a method for the dreamer to signal from within the dream (April 1975), using eye-movements - so circumventing the profound bodily paralysis of REM (dreaming) sleep. Hearne has made his PhD available for free download (www.keithhearne.com). The original chart-records are on permanent display at the Science Museum in London. His first degree (BSc) was attained at Reading University in 1973. He then gained an MSc from Hull University in 1975 (Thesis title: ‘Visual imagery and evoked responses’).〔Hearne, K. (1975) Visual imagery and evoked responses. MSc thesis. University of Hull, England.〕 Among Hearne’s many discoveries in his PhD work were: that the lucid dream is a true dream occurring during REM sleep; that lucidity is invariably preceded by a ‘pre-lucid REM burst’; that the dream operates in real time; that the ocular signals may act as event-markers for electro-physiological monitoring of dream events, such as ‘flying’; that respiration may also be altered volitionally in the dream.〔Hearne, K. (1978) Lucid dreams: an electro-physiological and psychological study. PhD thesis. University of Liverpool, England, Submitted May, 1978 (free download of full thesis from www.keithhearne.com)〕 In addition, Hearne discovered the ‘scene-shift effect’, relevant to dreams, in hypnotic imagery - a seemingly universal effect whereby (using Hearne’s procedure of getting the high-imagery subject to ‘freeze-frame’ an image ‘projected’ onto a board and then to trace the imaged scene) the individual pictorial elements automatically re-arrange themselves into a different picture for the next scene - maintaining the same number of characters, objects and colours. The implication is that the dream follows a pathway of least-effort in its construction.〔Hearne, K. (1983) A scene-change phenomenon in externalised imagery. Lucidity Letter, 2 (1): 2 - 4 (January).〕 Another of Hearne’s discoveries, the ‘light-switch effect’ refers to a consistent report between subjects in lucid dreams, and also in ordinary dreams, that it is not possible instantly to increase the subjective ‘brightness’ in a dream, using a switch say, although a light might be switched off and then on again. It is as if there is a ‘ceiling’ limit on dream brightness, which may vary over time, but cannot be exceeded, suddenly, at that time. The dream-producing process seems to compensate, deceptively fooling the dreamer, by providing a fake reason why the light does not come on (e.g. it is ‘fused’, or strangely ‘missing’).〔Hearne, K. (1981) A light-switch phenomenon in lucid dreams. Journal of Mental Imagery, 5(2): 97 - 100.〕 Hearne suggested the F.A.S.T. (False-Awakening with State-Testing) technique for encouraging lucid dreaming in 1982. Someone enters the subject’s bedroom every half hour or so after say 6am. They may speak and then go out. Since the subject is expecting the person to enter the room, it is likely that they will at some point dream that the person is there. If the subject automatically goes through a series of state-testing tests (e.g. attempt to switch on a light (the light-switch effect can strongly indicate dreaming); attempt to ‘float’; jump off a chair, say (gravity is often reported reduced in dreams); do the objects around look normal?; is your body normal?; outside the window, is the season correct?; is it possible to alter a detail in the scenery?; can you push your hand through an object?; pinch your skin and feel for any strange texture; look in a mirror), no-matter how real the situation seems, they may discover that they are in fact dreaming - so prompting lucidity.〔Hearne, K. (1982) A suggested experimental method of producing false-awakenings with possible resulting lucidity or OBE - the FAST (False Awakening with State Testing) technique. Lucidity Letter, 1 (4): 12 - 13 (October).〕 Hearne also invented the world’s first 'dream machine' (US patent 4,420,001), intended to produce an artificial stimulus into the dream, in order to trigger ‘lucidity’.〔U.S. Patent number 4,420,001 ‘Respiratory Measuring Device’, filed January 17th 1980.〕 A ‘dream machine’ is on permanent display, along with Hearne’s original ocular-signalling chart records, at the Science Museum in London. The first academic, printed, publication of his signalling discovery and lucid dream research was: ‘Eye-movement communication from lucid dreams: a new technique and initial findings’ was in April 1977.〔‘Eye-movement communication from lucid-dreams: a new technique and initial findings’ (Published proceedings) 11th postgraduate-postdoctoral Conference in the Behavioural Sciences, Hull University, April 15th - 18th, 1977.〕 Hearne’s book The Dream Machine ((free download ) at www.keithhearne.com) described his pioneering PhD, and other research concerning dream lucidity.〔Hearne, K. (1990) The Dream Machine. Aquarian Press, UK.〕 In recent years, Hearne has collaborated with David Melbourne on a book, The Dream Oracle (published by The Foulsham Press, UK) which introduced a completely novel way of obtaining direct information from the unconscious in ordinary dreams, without needing ‘interpretation’, using Melbourne’s discovery of the ‘alphabet-dream-code’.〔Melbourne, A., & Hearne, K. (1998; 2002) The Dream Oracle. (a) The Blandford Press, 1998; (b)The Foulsham Press UK, 2002.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Keith Hearne」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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